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2. Theoretical Foundations: Interdisciplinary Materialism Under the directorship of Max Horkheimer in the early 1930s, the Institute adopted a unique methodology: "interdisciplinary materialism." Unlike orthodox Marxism, which focused heavily on economic determinism, the Frankfurt School integrated philosophy with sociology, psychoanalysis, and aesthetics. Horkheimer’s famous essay, Traditional and Critical Theory (1937), established the distinction between traditional theory (which accepts the given facts of society) and critical theory (which questions the societal totality and aims at human emancipation).

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