Numerical Analysis Titas Publication Pdf -
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6. Numerical Differentiation and Integration
6.1 Differentiation
- Finite difference approximations: forward, backward, central differences; truncation error O(h) or O(h^2).
- Richardson extrapolation to improve order.
- Trade-off: truncation vs rounding error.
8. Boundary-Value Problems and PDEs
8.1 Finite difference methods
- Discretize derivatives on grids: consistency, stability (von Neumann analysis), convergence (Lax equivalence theorem).
- Example: Poisson equation discretized with 5-point Laplacian.
- Error Analysis: The study of errors that occur during numerical computations.
- Root Finding: The process of finding the roots of a function.
- Interpolation: The process of finding a function that passes through a set of given points.
- Differentiation: The process of finding the derivative of a function.
- Integration: The process of finding the definite integral of a function.
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3.2 Open methods
- Fixed-point iteration: convergence when |g′(x)| < 1 near root.
- Newton–Raphson: quadratic convergence for simple roots, requires derivative, iteration x_n+1 = x_n − f(x_n)/f′(x_n).
- Secant method: superlinear convergence (~1.618), derivative-free.
- Muller's method and Brent's method: practical robust solvers; Brent’s method combines bisection, secant and inverse quadratic interpolation.